by1

prep

• 1 (indicating agent, cause) (with passive verbs) por The passive voice is, however, less common in Spanish than it is in English she was brought up by her grandmother = la crio su abuela a play by Shakespeare = una obra de Shakespeare

• 2 a (indicating means, method) made by hand = hecho a mano to travel by car/train/plane = viajar en coche/tren/avión to pay by credit card = pagar* con tarjeta de crédito I'll begin by introducing myself = empezaré por presentarme b (owing to, from) by chance = por casualidad they have lost public support by being too extreme = han perdido apoyo popular por ser demasiado extremistas

• 3 a (at the side of, near to) al lado de it's right by the door = está justo al lado de la puerta b (to hand) (AmE) I always keep some money by me = siempre llevo algo de dinero encima

• 4 a (past) I said hello, but he walked right by me = lo saludé pero él pasó de largo b (via, through) por by land/sea/air = por tierra/mar/avión

• 5 a (indicating rate) por we are paid by the hour = nos pagan por hora(s) b (indicating extent of difference) she broke the record by several seconds = batió el récord en or por varios segundos c (indicating gradual progression) one by one = uno por uno

• 6 a (not later than) he told her to be home by 11 = le dijo que volviera antes de las 11 they should be there by now = ya deberían estar allí by the time he arrived, Ann had left = cuando llegó, Ann se había ido b (during, at) by day/night = de día/noche

• 7 (according to) by that clock it's almost half past = según ese reloj son casi y media that's fine by me = por mí no hay problema

• 8 [Math] por multiply two by three = multiplica dos por tres a room 20ft by 12ft = una habitación de 20 pies por 12

• 9by oneself (alone, without assistance) = solo