…(1688–1744), English poet. A major figure of the Augustan age, he is famous for his caustic wit and metrical skill, in particular his use of the heroic couplet. Notable works: The Rape of the Lock (1712; enlarged 1714); An Essay on Man (1733-4)…
…(1874–1937), US architect. He designed the National Archives 1933–35, the Jefferson Memorial 1937–43, and the National Gallery of Art 1941, all in Washington, DC…
…(according to a legend widely believed in the Middle Ages) a woman in male disguise who (circa 1100) became a distinguished scholar and then pope, reigned for more than two years, and died after giving birth to a child during a procession…
…used to indicate that something is blatantly obvious…
…a person established as pope in opposition to one held by others to be canonically chosen…
…a bulletproof vehicle with a raised viewing area, used by the Pope on official visits…
…the part of Rome in which the Vatican stands, walled and fortified by Pope Leo IV…
…a concordat signed in 1929 in the Lateran Palace between the kingdom of Italy (represented by Mussolini) and the Holy See (represented by Pope Pius XI), which recognized the papal state under the name Vatican City as fully sovereign and independent…
…an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX circa 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was revived to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government…
…Henry IV (1050–1106), son of Henry III, reigned 1056–1105, Holy Roman emperor 1084–1105. Increasing conflict with Pope Gregory VII led Henry to call a council in 1076 to depose the Pope, who excommunicated Henry. Henry obtained absolution by doing penance before Gregory in 1077 but managed to depose him in 1084…
